Table 2 Results of Mantel tests of association between frontal view face pattern matrices and geographic matrices.

From: Character displacement of Cercopithecini primate visual signals

Face pattern matrix

Geographic matrix

Mantel r

P no phylogenetic correction

P Arnold et al. 38 tree

P Guschanski et al. 39 tree

Mean face-based distance

Degree of sympatry

0.1433

0.0191*

0.0196*

0.022*

 

Range overlap

0.1785

0.0055**

0.0061**

0.0052**

Exemplar-based distance

Degree of sympatry

0.1377

0.0262*

0.0301*

0.0284*

 

Range overlap

0.1726

0.0066**

0.0041**

0.0032**

Recognition rate

Degree of sympatry

0.1067

0.0142*

0.0177*

0.0186*

 

Range overlap

0.1528

0.0027**

0.0084**

0.0041**

  1. The mean face-based distance matrix is formed from the multivariate Euclidian distances between each pair of the 22 study species in the eigenface-space calculated from the set of species average faces. The exemplar-based distance matrix is the mean pairwise distances between species from an eigenface analysis that included five random examples from each species. The recognition rate matrix is taken from the species recognition classification task. All P values are the results of either Mantel tests without phylogenetic correction, or phylogenetically permuted Mantel tests using two recently published molecular phylogenies of the guenons by Arnold et al.38 and Guschanksi et al.39. All Mantel tests were run for 10,000 permutations. Asterisks denote significance; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
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