Figure 2: Comparison of NAFL/IMIQ with a squalene-based adjuvant.

BALB/c mice were ID immunized with influenza vaccine alone (no adjuvant) or in the presence of NAFL/IMIQ adjuvant, or IM immunized with a same dose of the vaccine mixed with squalene-based adjuvant (AddaVax). Serum IgG (a) and HAI (b) levels were measured in 2 weeks. n=8. (c) Haematoxylin and eosin staining of inoculation sites. Muscle and skin tissues of the inoculation sites were collected on days 1, 3 and 7, and shown are representative results of four similar experiments performed. Arrows and black dash lines indicate part of a MTZ. Scale bar, 100 μm. Note: stratum corneum (SC) and epidermis (Epi) are in place after laser treatment. Serum IL-6 was measured at 0, 1, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after immunization by ELISA (d) and body temperature was monitored hourly for 10 h (e). All temperatures were normalized to non-immunized mice. n=4. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. Statistical significance was analysed by ANOVA/Bonferroni for (a) and (b), or t-test for (d) and (e). *P<0.05; **P<0.01 or ***P<0.001, respectively. The experiments were repeated twice with similar results, unless noted otherwise.