Figure 3: Centrifugation controlled intracellular delivery in fibroblast cells.
From: Poking cells for efficient vector-free intracellular delivery
(a) Calcein AM) fluorescence image of live fibroblast cells after nanoneedle treatment. (b) EthD-1 fluorescence image of successfully delivered cells. (c) Merged image combining calcein AM and EthD-1 channels. (d) Bright-field (BF) image of the cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. (e) Quantification of delivery efficiency at various centrifugation speeds. (f) Quantification of cell viability after delivery using nanoneedle arrays. (g) Fluorescence image of cells delivered with FITC-labelled dextran. (h) Propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence image of dead cells 18 h after delivery. (i) Merged image combining dextran and PI channels. (j) Bright-field image of the cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. (k) Quantification of dextran delivery efficiency and dead cell rate in fibroblasts using nanoneedle arrays at 500 r.p.m. For e,f,k, error bars indicate s.e.m. from three independent experiments.
