Figure 5: Effects of Pvf/Pvr signalling on cellular and humoral immune responses of Drosophila S2 cells.

(a) Effect of dsRNA targeting of Pvf2 on GBP-induced Mtk expression. Fifty nM GBP was added into each well containing 1 × 10⁶ S2 cells. Control values without GBP were shown by dotted lines. Each value represents the mean±s.d. for five independent determinations. *P<0.05; **P<0.01: Significant differences from control (0 min) value are indicated by Tukey’s HSD. (b) Effect of dsRNA targeting of Pvf2 on GBP-induced Dpt expression. Other explanations are as in a. (c) Effect of Pvf2 overexpression on GBP-induced S2 cell spreading. Pvf2 expression was induced by addition of CuSO₄ into the culture medium. Fifty nM GBP or BSA was added to S2 cells for the indicated times. Each value represents the mean±s.d. for five independent determinations. **P<0.01: Significant differences from control (0 min, BSA) value are indicated by Tukey’s HSD. (d) Effect of Pvf2 overexpression on GBP-induced Mtk expression in S2 cells measured as described in (a). Each value represents the mean±s.d. for five independent determinations. *P<0.05: Significant difference from control (0 min, BSA) value is indicated by Tukey’s HSD. Other explanations are as in c. (e) Effect of Pvf2 overexpression on GBP-induced Dpt expression in S2 cells measured as described in b. Other explanations are as in d.