Figure 3: Population genomic evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity. | Nature Communications

Figure 3: Population genomic evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity.

From: Morphological and population genomic evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity

Figure 3

Genomic regions associated with facial morphology show evidence of selection for identity signalling in the Finnish. (a) Face regions (N=59) have elevated levels of intermediate-frequency alleles compared with neutral regions (N=5,000) or genomic regions associated with variation in height (N=365). The bar graph shows the proportion of SNPs within each minor allele frequency (MAF) bin. (b) Additionally, face regions have elevated levels of π, (c) even after controlling for differing rates of divergence among loci. (d) Similarly, face regions show an elevated number of segregating sites, measured as Watterson’s θ. (e) Tajima’s D and (f) Fu and Li’s D* are elevated in facial regions compared to height and neural intergenic controls regions. Whiskers shows the 5th and 95th percentiles. Outliers are not shown so that the main distributions can be viewed at larger size. The P-values shown are from one-tailed Mann–Whitney U-tests. Note that sample sizes are reduced for tests corrected for divergence, as alignments were not available for all regions considered (N=58 face loci, 356 height loci, 4,873 neutral loci).

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