Figure 2: RapGEF2 regulates neuronal migration to the cortical plate.

(a) E14 mouse brains were co-electroporated with vector control (pSUPER) or two different RapGEF2 shRNAs (shRapGEF2 or shRapGEF2-2) together with GFP plasmid. Representative E17 cortical sections were stained by GFP, CS-56 (a subplate marker) and TO-PRO3. Scale bar, 100 μm. The experiment was repeated for at least three times. (b) Magnified images of individual electroporated neurons with comparable GFP⁺ cell density in the intermediate zone after RapGEF2 knockdown. Asterisks indicate representative neurons in each group. Scale bar, 20 μm. (c) Quantification of the percentages of GFP⁺ neurons in different cortical layers. Error bars indicate the s.e.m. of five different brains containing >1,000 neurons. (d) Quantification of the percentages of neurons with uni- or bipolar morphology, no process and multiple (≥3) processes. Error bars indicate the s.e.m. of three different brains containing >120 neurons. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus pSUPER; Student’s t-test.