Figure 3: Asian monsoon precipitation seasonality and forcing.

(a) Proportion of summer monsoon precipitation in South Asia compared with total annual (~17°N–33°N and 87°E–116°E) with iLOVECLIM (Methods). (b) Comparison between annual and summer monsoon δ¹⁸O in calcite in South Asia (~17°N–33°N and 87°E–116°E) with iLOVECLIM. ETP that is constructed by normalizing and stacking Eccentricity, Tilt (obliquity) and negative Precession⁴⁷ is indicated. (c) Comparison between summer monsoon precipitation in South Asia (~17°N–33°N and 87°E–116°E) and in North-East Asia: Philipine Sea-NW Pacific (~33°N–39°N and 144°E–150°E) and Z-L Loess region (~33°N–39°N and 104°E–110°E). (d) Pacific cross-equatorial sea-surface temperature gradient between ~5–15°S and 5–15°N, averaged for 80°W–150°W. The precession index is indicated⁴⁷. Dashed vertical lines indicate periods of minimum calcite δ¹⁸O in South Asia.