Figure 2: BBR increases energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis.

(a–f) Energy expenditure was evaluated by measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) (a) of carbon dioxide release (VCO2) (c) over a 24 h period in db/db mice after 4 weeks of BBR treatment. Energy Expenditure expressed as Kcal h⁻¹ per animal (e) was calculated using equations described in Methods. The adjacent bar graphs represent the average for each group (b for a, d for c and f for e) (n=6). (g) Body temperature during cold exposure was recorded in 20 min intervals (n=5 mice per group). After food deprivation, rectal temperatures were measured at the indicated time points for mice placed in a cold room. (h,i) PET/ CT image after injection of 18F-FDG into db/db mice treated with vehicle and BBR for 4 weeks in sagittal view (h). Anatomical site within white circle represent the interscapular BAT. Grey triangle indicated non-target absorption on those views. The activity of brown adipose tissue in grams times the mean standard uptake value (SUV) (i). Scale set, 0.1 to 3 SUV for all images. Error bars represent s.e.m., and significant differences compared with vehicle controls are indicated by *P≪0.05, **P≪0.01 and ***P≪0.001 (Student's t-test).