Figure 1: Boron atoms incorporated into the Pd subsurface.

(a) Lattice parameter, a0, measured using the average of all observable fcc Pd peaks from XRD (derived from lab-based X-ray diffractometer) normalized against the Al peaks from the sample cell. The error bar in lattice parameter at each temperature represents experimental error based on 3–5 repeated measurements. (b) A detailed EDX line scan of two Pd containing particles from fresh Pd(B)/C sample and corresponding X-rays counts of Pd(K) and B(K). It can be clearly seen that the B signals mirror to those of Pd showing that the signals are arisen from the Pd(B) particles (the B signal is higher than background suggesting that the support takes up B species, (refer to XPS in Supplementary Figs 1,2)). Scale bar, 50 nm.