Figure 8: A model for IRF8-dependent autophagy in MΦs.

On various stresses (IFNγ/TLR stimulation, Listeria infection, starvation and M-CSF stimulation), IRF8 is activated and promotes the expression of a series of autophagy genes. These genes encode factors active at various stages of autophagy, largely covering the whole autophagic cascade. Irf8−/− MΦs are defective in autophagic activation and fail to degrade target ubiquitin-conjugated factors, organelle and intracellular pathogens. Together, IRF8 acts as an autophagy master regulator in MΦs to coordinate stress responses critical for innate immunity.