Figure 1: Map of plot locations. Open circles—single census plots used for biomass and stem number analyses, closed circles—multi-census plots used for biomass, productivity and stem number analyses.

Black lines—Amazon regional boundaries from Feldpausch et al.36 with additional north–south separation of the western Amazon; BS—Brazilian shield, EC—east central, GS—Guiana shield, NW—north western, SW—south western. Grey—unflooded closed canopy forest below 500 m.a.s.l. reclassified from GLC2000 data41.