Figure 3: Spectroscopic analysis of the pristine graphite and SbGnPs.

(a) Time-of-flight secondary ion mass (TOF-SIM) spectra, showing the presence of Sb isotopes (m/z=121 and 123) in SbGnPs. XPS survey spectra: (b) full spectra, (c) C1s and (d) Sb3d3/2, showing the ratio between Sb3+ and Sb5+ to be ∼1 and suggesting that the population of proposed structures Sb3+ and Sb5+ in Supplementary Fig. 12 is similar.