Figure 4: Summer mean surface temperatures and land-sea temperature gradients for the years 1901–2012. | Nature Communications

Figure 4: Summer mean surface temperatures and land-sea temperature gradients for the years 1901–2012.

From: Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient

Figure 4

Observed (a) mean (°C) and (b) trend (°C 112 year−1) of surface temperatures during June–September, 1901–2012. For the trend, the colour shades represent regions significant at the 95% confidence level. (c) Observed trend (°C 65 year−1) of upper tropospheric (200 hPa) temperatures during June–September, 1948–2012. (d) Time series of the trend in land-sea contrast in the surface (Tsurf) and tropospheric (Tsurf, 850-200hPa average) temperatures (°C). The land-sea contrast is estimated as the difference in the values between the boxes over the South Asian subcontinent (70–85°E, 10–30°N) and western Indian Ocean (50–65°E, 5°S-10°N), and the trend is estimated over 31 year sliding periods. The land surface temperature is from HadCRUT, SST from HadISST and tropospheric temperature from NCEP reanalysis.

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