Figure 5: Observed trends and model simulated changes in summer monsoon Hadley circulation in response to Indian Ocean warming.

(a) Trend from NCEP re-analysis (Pa s−1 year−1) and (b) model simulated response (Pa s−1) to western Indian Ocean warming in vertical velocity (omega) during northern summer (June–September) along the South Asian domain (50–100°E). Positive (red) values indicate upward motion.