Figure 2: Comparison of 3D large-eddy simulation and measured radar reflectivity.
From: Hail formation triggers rapid ash aggregation in volcanic plumes
(a–d) Modelled plume at T=5, 10, 15 and 20 min after eruption start. Note: eruption ends at T=6 min. Total volcanic particles (sum of single-particle and aggregate size bins) shown as an isosurface coloured by height and hail as a transparent blue isosurface, both at 1 mg m−3 concentration. Dashed white lines show maximum height of hail isosurface. Fallout of hail in the model corresponds to the rapid descent of radar echo tops from ref. 20, which is shown in e–h as north–south cross-sections at roughly equivalent time steps. Distance between vertical lines is 5 km.
