Figure 5: Relatedness of museum and modern specimens collected from wild colonies, relative to a modern specimen collected from domestic colonies.
From: Museum samples reveal rapid evolution by wild honey bees exposed to a novel parasite
Museum (blue) and modern (red) specimens show asymmetric relatedness relative to an external sample of US domestic bees (black). Museum bees are more closely related to bees from the same populations, than to other US domestic bees (N=32, P=6.0 × 10−6). Similarly, US domestic bees are more closely related to present-day wild bees than they are to museum bees (N=10, P=2.2 × 10−3), suggesting ongoing gene flow into the wild bee population. Links between museum and modern bees are in grey, and links between US domestic bees and Ithaca bees are in orange, with four shades of each colour corresponding to the four quartiles of relatedness greater than zero in the data set.
