Figure 5: Electrochemical performance of Li metal anodes.

(a) Voltage profiles and (b) average voltage hysteresis of Li metal plating/stripping at 0.2 mA cm⁻² in symmetric Li|Li@Cu cells with planar or 3D Cu foil as current collector. (c) Average short-circuit time T_sc for unidirectional galvanostatic Li plating from Li foil to planar Cu foils, Li foils and 3D Cu foils in symmetric cells at 0.5 mA cm⁻². The error bars are standard deviations obtained from at least three independent cells for each current collector.