Figure 3: Structural equation models of climate, soil and biodiversity as predictors of ecosystem multifuncitonality (EMF).

Solid red arrows represent positive paths (P<0.05, piecewise s.e.m.), solid black arrows represent negative paths (P<0.05, piecewise s.e.m.) and dotted grey arrows represent non-significant paths (P>0.05, piecewise s.e.m.). We report the path coefficients as standardized effect sizes. Overall fit of piecewise s.e.m. was evaluated using Shipley’s test of d-separation: Fisher’s C statistic (if P>0.05, then no paths are missing and the model is a good fit) and Akaike information criterion (AIC). MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual temperature; SM, soil moisture, plant SR, plant species richness.