Figure 4: WWTP resistome dissemination.
From: Limited dissemination of the wastewater treatment plant core resistome
(a) Mapping of metagenomic reads from aquifer, permafrost, human gut and cow rumen, to the functionally selected resistance genes. Mapping reads have >95% identity and >95% coverage. The functionally selected resistance genes are grouped by the antibiotic they were selected on as denoted by the three-letter code (AMK (amikacin), AMP (ampicillin), AMX (amoxicillin), AZI (azithromycin), CAM (chloramphenicol), CAR (carbenicillin), CTZ (ceftazidime), ERY (erythromycin), GEN (gentamicin), PIP (piperacillin), RIF (rifampicin), SPC (spectinomycin), SXT (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim), TET (tetracycline), TMP (trimethoprim)). (b) The flanking regions of three functional selected resistance genes contained elements, indicating that the genes were either located in an integron (SPC_01) or on a transposon (AZT_01 and ERM_04). Blue arrows denote the different genes and their orientation. Scale bar, 500 bp. Genes were annotated using BLAST. (c) Read coverage (>95% identity and >95% coverage) of the integrase gene (intI) and the attachment site sequence (attC) found in the integron carrying SPC_01 in sample AAW.5.2010. The integrase was 50 times more abundant than the SPC_01 resistance gene aadA. The blue arrows denoted genes and functional regions within the integron as annotated by BLAST.
