Table 1 Biomarkers and methods of measurement.
From: Immunological biomarkers predict HIV-1 viral rebound after treatment interruption
Biomarker ‘class’ | Biomarker | Sample | Assay platform | Time-point analysed week ( n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical | CD4 cell count | Blood | Flow cytometry | 0 (154) 48 (47) |
Plasma viral load | Plasma | Commercial assay | 0 (154) 48 (47) | |
CD4/CD8 ratio | Blood | Flow cytometry | 0 (154) 48 (47) | |
Viral DNA | HIV-1 DNA (Total) | CD4 T cells | qPCR | 0 (154) 48 (47) |
HIV-1 DNA (Integrated) | CD4 T cells | qPCR | 0 (111) 48 (47) | |
Cell-associated unspliced HIV-1 RNA | CD4 T cells | qPCR | 0 (0) 48 (27) | |
HIV-1-specific T-cell immunity | CD8 ELISpot | CD8 T cells | ELISpot | 0 (107) 48 (0) |
CD4 ELISpot | CD4 T cells | ELISpot | 0 (93) 48 (32) | |
T-cell activation | HLA-DR | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (89) 48 (40) |
CD38 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (89) 48 (40) | |
CD25 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (0) 48 (40) | |
CD69 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (0) 48 (40) | |
T-cell exhaustion | PD-1 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (78) 48 (37) |
Lag-3 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (78) 48 (37) | |
Tim-3 | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (78) 48 (37) | |
TIGIT | CD4/CD8 T cells | Flow cytometry | 0 (0) 48 (37) | |
Soluble markers of immune activation | IL-6 | Plasma | ELISA | 0 (143) 48 (42) |
D-dimer | Plasma | ELISA | 0 (137) 48 (40) |
