Table 1 Occurrence of positive SEIO SST anomalies and the strength of WPG and Nino3.4 events.

From: Coral record of southeast Indian Ocean marine heatwaves with intensified Western Pacific temperature gradient

 

Strong WPG

Moderate WPG

Neutral/positive WPG

Strong La Niña

1826, 1829, 1893, 1910, 1917, 1934, 1943, 1950, 1974, 1989, 1999, 2000, 2008

1849, 1863, 1873, 1874, 1890, 1894

1971

Moderate La Niña

1806, 1870, 1944, 1945, 1955, 1975, 2001

1797, 1802, 1823, 1824, 1828, 1835, 1857, 1861, 1871, 1880, 1909, 1939, 1976, 1996

1796, 1840, 1876, 1911, 1984

Weak La Niña

1805, 1833, 1879, 1898, 1933, 1949, 1962

1825, 1830, 1832, 1847, 1852, 1872, 1882, 1916, 1932

1798, 1799, 1809, 1810, 1851, 1925

Weak El Niño

 

1844, 1845, 1846 1850

 
  1. SEIO, southeast Indian Ocean; SST, sea surface temperature; WPG, Western Pacific Gradient
  2. The negative WPG years were grouped into strong (>1 standard deviation (s.d.) of annual mean values) and moderate (<1 s.d.) years, and neutral/positive WPG years (based on the paleo-WPG cross-validated with the instrumental WPG11). La Niña years (based on the instrumental data Niño3.4 index14 post-1854 and a combination of paleo-Niño3.4 indices pre-1854 (refs 28, 29)) were grouped into strong (>1 s.d.), moderate (>0.5 s.d.) and weak events (<0.5 s.d.) for mean annual values. We also classified weak El Niño years. Years in bold indicate events recorded in the WA coral SST.
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