Figure 4: Spatially resolved mapping of ion-conducting channels.

(a) Topographic image of the nanoscaffold SDC–STO film. The image size is 250 × 125 nm2. Scale bar, 50 nm. (b) The bias waveform used for the FORC-IV measurement and time-dependent current response averaged over the 40 × 20 points. Spatial maps of (c) current response and (d) relative FORC-IV loop area measured at −8 V. The boxed regions in a,c show that the probing regions are identical. Current versus tip bias curves at (e) the SDC nanopillars core and (f) the STO region.