Figure 4: Historical effective population size for silver birch beginning from 80 million years ago to present. | Nature Genetics

Figure 4: Historical effective population size for silver birch beginning from 80 million years ago to present.

From: Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch

Figure 4

Stairway plot showing that the B. pendula population has undergone bottlenecks during four known periods of major climate upheaval: the K–Pg (green) the Eocene-Oligocene (E–Og; blue), the mid-Miocene (M; red), and the Pleistocene (Ple; purple). Data are median estimate from 200 bootstrap replicates (black line) and 95% confidence intervals (shading). Tick marks along the x axis show estimates for the Matuyama–Brunhes (0.77 Mya), Calabrian (1.8 Mya), and Gelasian (2.58 Mya) borders; the mid-Miocene disruption (14.5–14.8 Mya), and the E–Og (34 Mya) and K–Pg (66 Mya) events.

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