Supplementary Figure 7: VOR learning induced with visual-vestibular pairing

VOR learning induced by pairing the same vestibular stimulus used in Figs. 1, 2, and Supplementary Fig. 3 with a moving visual stimulus. VOR learning was tested by briefly interrupting the pairing to measure the eye movement response to the vestibular stimulus in the absence of the visual stimulus. For comparison, the habituation induced by the vestibular stimulus alone is indicated by the dotted trace. These experiments were performed on the same cohort of mice that underwent training with unilateral optogenetic Purkinje cell stimulation (Supplementary Fig. 3). If the visual stimulus moved in the opposite direction from the head, the VOR increased during the 30-min training period (upward triangles; t₍₁₁₎ = 3.528, P = 0.005, one-sample t-test; n = 12). If the visual stimulus moved in the same direction as the head, the VOR decreased (downward triangles; t₍₇₎ = 8.745, P < 0.0001, one-sample t-test; n=8) below the vestibular stimulus alone condition (P = 0.004, t-test). Notably, none of our optogenetic stimulation paradigms (see Figs. 1 and 2) induced such an associative decrease in the VOR below that induced by the vestibular stimulus alone. It is possible that the mechanisms supporting the associative decrease in the VOR are partially shared with, or otherwise occluded by, the habituation observed in response to the vestibular stimulus alone. It is also possible that other, untested climbing fiber or Purkinje cell stimulation protocols would induce an associative learned decrease in the VOR. Mean ± s.e.m.