Supplementary Figure 11: Cell-type-specificity of genes with human-specific changes.

(a) The cell type specificity of the selected genes assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reported in Y. Zhang, et al., J. Neurosci. 34, 11929–11947; 2014 and M. Uhlen, et al., Science 347, 1260419; 2015. (b) The cell type specificity by IHC experiments of the remaining seven selected genes showing human-specific changes: CLCN6, CNTNAP4, SPEF1, CHRNB3, NME5, NGB and TMEM100. The columns show the average relative expression levels of the corresponding gene in the cortical sections of humans, chimpanzees and macaques, as marked by the silhouette figures. The darker shades of blue represent higher relative expression across sections. The gray scale bar shows section labels. The darker shades of gray represent deeper cortical sections. Each quadruplet of images shows the signal of one gene with neuron marker MAP2 (for CLCN6, CNTNAP4, SPEF1 and TMEM100) or astrocyte marker GFAP (for AQP1 and NGB), and general nuclear marker DAPI. (c) Cell type enrichment analysis indicates general enrichment of genes with human-specific T1, T2 and T3 changes in particular cell types, especially non-neuron cell types. Significant enrichments (FDR<10%) are marked by darker orange, with the mild enrichments (uncorrected P<0.1) marked by light orange. The values show the uncorrected P-values.