Table 1 Selected child health outcomes associated with antenatal tobacco smoke exposure
Outcome | Effect size (95% CI) |
|---|---|
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |
Perinatal outcomes | |
Stillbirth | 1.4 (1.27–1.46); ref. 7 |
Preterm birth | 1.27 (1.21–1.33); ref. 26 |
Birth defects (gastrointestinal) | 1.27 (1.18–1.35); ref. 28 |
Birth defects (cardiovascular) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17); ref. 28 |
Birth defects (musculoskeletal) | 1.16 (1.05–1.27); ref. 28 |
Birth defects (central nervous system) | 1.10 (1.01–1.19); ref. 28 |
Childhood outcomes | |
Sudden infant death syndrome | 2.25 (2.03–2.50); ref. 14 |
Early wheezing (age ⩽2 years) | 1.33 (1.03–1.71); ref. 30 |
Recurrent wheezing | 1.49 (1.33–1.67); ref. 31 |
Wheezing/asthma in ⩾6-year-olds | 1.22 (1.03–1.44); ref. 29 |
Lower respiratory infections | 1.24 (1.11–1.38); ref. 32 |
Overweight | 1.33 (1.23–1.44); ref. 33 |
Obesity | 1.60 (1.37–1.88); ref. 33 |
Maternal second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy | |
Perinatal outcomes | |
Stillbirth | 1.23 (1.09–1.38); ref. 8 |
Low birthweight | 1.32 (1.07–1.63); ref. 9 |
Birth defects | 1.13 (1.01–1.26); ref. 8 |
Childhood outcomes | |
Early wheezing (age ⩽2 years) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20); ref. 30 |
