Table 3 Association between smoke-free legislation and changes in child health outcomes
Outcome | Effect size (95% CI) | Study type | Location(s) | Legislation comprehensive? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Perinatal outcomes | ||||
Stillbirth | −7.8% (−11.8 to −3.5); ref. 45 | ITS | England | Yes |
−1% (−9 to 8)/−3% (−12 to 6); ref. 24 | ITS | Netherlands | No | |
Low birthweight | −1.7% (−5.1 to 1.6); ref. 58 | MA | Belgium, Norway, Scotland, USA | Mixed |
Very low birthweight | −35.4% (−111.1 to 40.3); ref. 58 | MA | Norway, USA | No |
Preterm birth | −10.4% (−18.8 to −2.0); ref. 58 | MA | Belgium, Norway, Scotland, USA | Mixed |
Very preterm birth | −17.4% (−26.9 to −6.7); ref. 42 | ITS | Scotland | Yes |
−2.3%a (−3.7 to −0.9); ref. 59 | ITS | Quebec, Canada | Yes | |
−6% (−14 to 3)/−11% (−19 to −3); ref. 24 | ITS | Netherlands | No | |
SGA | −1.4% (−3.2 to 0.4); ref. 58 | MA | Belgium, Ireland, Scotland | Mixed |
Very SGA | −5.3% (−5.4 to −5.2); ref. 58 | MA | Ireland, Scotland | Yes |
Congenital anomalies | 1% (−6 to 8)/−2% (−9 to 6); ref. 24 | ITS | Netherlands | No |
−0.03%a (−4.0 to 3.9); ref. 41 | CITS | Norway | No | |
Neonatal mortality | −7.6% (−11.7 to −3.4); ref. 45 | ITS | England | Yes |
−3% (−16 to 12)/−12% (−24 to 2); ref. 24 | ITS | Netherlands | No | |
Childhood outcomes | ||||
Infant mortality | −6.3% (−9.6 to −2.9); ref. 45 | ITS | England | Yes |
Sudden infant death syndrome | 1.8% (−8.4 to 13.2); ref. 45 | ITS | England | Yes |
Asthma hospital attendance | −10.1% (−15.2 to −5.0); ref. 58 | MA | Canada, England, USA | Mixed |
RTI hospital admissions | −3.5% (−4.5 to −2.3); ref. 60 | ITS | England | Yes |
Lower RTI hospital admissions | −13.8% (−15.6 to −12.0); ref. 60 | ITS | England | Yes |
−33.5% (−36.4 to −30.5); ref. 61 | ITS | Hong Kong | Yes | |
Lower RTI emergency department visits | −8% (−13 to −4%); ref. 62 | CITS | USA | Mixed |
