Table 1 Human proteomic studies from the last 5 years of different tissues and cells in schizophrenic patients
Reference | Tissue/Cells | Samples | Technique used | Antipsychotics | Major findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | Plasma | 229 SCZ, 245 MDD, 254 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | Naive and treated | Disease signatures using multi-analyte profiling showed growth factors and neurotrophin family differences in schizophrenic patients. | |
Blood serum | 66 SCZ, 10 BPD, 78 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | Naive | Circulating levels of insulin-related peptides and the secretory protein chromogranin A significantly elevated in first-onset schizophrenic subjects. | ||
PBMC | 19 SCZ, 19 CTR | Shotgun (label-free) | 12 Naive, 7 treated | Small clusters of glycolysis pathway proteins can be used to discriminate schizophrenia response with high precision. | ||
Brain (thalamus) | 11 SCZ, 8 CTR | 2DE/Shotgun (iTRAQ) | Treated, CPE calculated | Differentially expressed proteins on neural transmission and signaling, calcium homeostasis, proteasome metabolism, glycolysis, oligodendrocyte metabolism, and cytoskeleton assembly. | ||
Brain (ACC) | 11 SCZ, 8 CTR | 2DE | NA | Shows for the first time sex-specific differential expression of proteins in SCZ. | ||
CSF | 17 SCZ, 10 CTR | 2DE | Naive | Disturbed cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism in SCZ, and potential biomarkers. | ||
Blood serum | 110 BPD, 827 SCZ, 69 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | First-onset naive/drug-free >6 weeks | Validation of a biomarker panel for onset schizophrenia molecular signature. | ||
Skin fibroblast | 11 SCZ, 11 CTR | Shotgun (label-free) | Treated | Alterations in the expression of mRNA and proteins of the cell cycle and growth response of fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients. Fibroblasts are a fit model for SCZ studies. | ||
2011 | Brain (HC) | 35 SCZ, 35 BPD, 35 CTR | 2D-DIGE | Treated | Differential expression of hippocampal proteins, involving cytoskeletal and metabolic changes, in addition to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. | |
Blood serum | 230 SCZ, 36 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay/2D-DIGE | First-onset naive/drug-free >6 weeks | Seven analytes showed significant differences in schizophrenia, supporting the hypothesis of metabolic unbalance such as insulin resistance. | ||
Blood serum | 250 SCZ, 35 MDD, 32 BPD 329 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | First-onset naive/drug-free >6 weeks | Biomarker signature underlying the onset or development of SCZ, though present in MDD and BPD. Blood can be used to identify biomarker signatures in schizophrenia. | ||
2012 | CSF | 11 SCZ, 20 AD, 20 CTR, | SELDI-TOF-MS | NA | SCZ patients show an overall reduction of CSF Aβ species, not only Aβ1–42, similarly to AD. | |
Blood serum | 20 SCZ, 20 CTR | IMAC/Shotgun (label-free) | First-onset naive | Changes in 59 phosphoproteins at the phosphorylation level but not at total protein levels. | ||
Blood serum | 10+47 SCZ, 10+53 CTR proteomics/validation | Shotgun (label-free) | Naive (proteomics) Treated (validation) | Identified 27 proteins as being schizophrenia-related proteins. Dysregulation of the complement pathway and immune system. | ||
Eccrine sweat | 23 SCZ, 55 CTR | Shotgun (label-free) | Treated (R, O, Q, C, A) | Eccrine sweat protein set is distinct from serum with sensitivity for MRM analyses. It is a rich source of functionally important proteins for biomarker studies. | ||
Blood serum | 75 SCZ, 110 BPD, 185 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | Naive | Identification of 20 molecules (i.e., cortisol, CTGF, SAP, TFF3, IL-17) significantly altered prior clinical manifestations. | ||
Blood serum | 77 SCZ | Multiplex immunoassay | 36 naive, 41 drug-free >6 weeks | Molecular signatures of symptom severity and response, including biomarkers related to insulin and leptin. | ||
2013 | Blood serum | 18 SCZ, 22 BPD, 25 VD, 36 AD, 60+77 CTR | 2D-DIGE | NA | Suggests expression of 14-3-3γ as normalization factor on biomarker research. | |
Pituitary | 14 SCZ, 13 BPD, 14 MD, 15 CTR | Shotgun (label-free)/2D-DIGE/Multiplex immunoassay | FME measurement | Differential molecular profile of the pituitary gland, and suggestion of translation of profile markers to serum proteins. | ||
Blood serum | 180 SCZ, 398 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | Naive | Subgroups of SCZ patients based on distinct differences in their molecular serum profiles. | ||
Brain (DLPFC) | 10 SCZ, 10 SCZ | Shotgun (label-free)/1H-NMR | FME measurement | Combined metabolome/proteome profiling, differential expression of calcium metabolism, cytoskeleton remodeling pathways. | ||
2014 | Blood plasma | 26 SCZ, 26 CTR | GC-MS/shotgun (label-free) | Treated | Combined metabolome/proteome profiling, suggesting molecules such as cholesterol, bioactive lipids, and apoliprotein A as biomarkers. | |
Saliva | 32 SCZ, 17 BPD, 31 CTR | Shotgun (label-free) | NA | Human saliva as a precious body fluid to characterize putative biomarkers of systemic and multifactorial diseases. | ||
Brain (ACC) | 10 SCZ, 10 CTR | Shotgun (label-free) | NA | Using PSD-enriched samples confirmed changes in SCZ within this group of proteins. | ||
Blood serum | 180 SCZ, 350 CTR | Multiplex immunoassay | Naive | Identification of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers, and modulation after antipsychotic treatment. |
