Table 1 Demographic and clinical information for longitudinal sample

From: Age-related cortical thickness trajectories in first episode psychosis patients presenting with early persistent negative symptoms

 

FEP

      
  

Non-ePNS

      
 

ePNS

sPNS

Non-PNS

Controls

    
 

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Statistic

df

P-value

Post hoc

General demographics and clinical information

 N (and % having all 3 scans)

21

86

31

52

45

58

48

58

    

 Male

15

71

22

71

32

71

28

58

χ2=2.4

3

0.5

—

 Right handed

17

81

26

84

39

87

42

88

χ2=0.6

3

0.9

—

 Diagnosis

            

 SCZ/SCZ-F

16

76.2

27

87.1

25

55.6

      

 Affective disorder

3

14.3

1

3.2

15

33.3

      

 Delusional disorder

0

0.0

1

3.2

2

4.4

      

 Psychosis NOS

2

9.5

2

6.5

3

6.7

      
 

Mean

s.d.

Mean

s.d.

Mean

s.d.

Mean

s.d.

    

 Education in years

11.1

2.5

11.7

2.4

12.6

2.4

14.2

2.5

F=10.8

3, 144

<0.0001

1, 2, 3 < 4

 Socioeconomic status

3.4 [16]

1.0

3.3 [30]

1.2

3.0 [42]

1.0

3.3 [45]

0.9

χ2=5.4

3

0.1

—

 Full scale IQa

96.9

15.3

98.4

17.2

100.3

14.1

111.1 [46]

14.8

F=6.9

3, 142

<0.0001

1, 2, 3 < 4

 DUP (weeks)

45.4 [20]

59.2

57.1

100.5

83.6 [43]

170.5

  

χ2=0.1

2

0.9

—

 DUI (years)

5.3 [20]

4.4

7.8 [30]

6.5

7.2 [42]

7.1

  

χ2=1.2

2

0.6

—

Scan 1

 Age

23.2

3.6

24.7

4.1

24.6

4.6

23.8

3.4

F=0.9

3, 144

0.4

—

 SANS totals

25.4

9.3

23.2

12.0

14.2

10.5

  

F=10.5

2, 96

<0.0001

1, 2>3

 Affective flattening

7.5

6.1

7.7

6.0

4.4

4.8

  

F=4.0

2, 96

0.021

1, 2>3

 Alogia

3.2

2.7

2.1

3.4

1.0

1.9

  

χ2=10.5

2

0.005

1>3

 Avolition/apathy

6.8

2.3

5.8

3.2

3.8

2.7

  

χ2=18.0

2

<0.001

1, 2>3

 Anhedonia/asocality

7.9

2.5

7.6

4.1

4.8

3.5

  

F=8.3

2, 96

<0.001

1, 2>3

 SAPS totals

8.2

10.2

17.3

15.1

4.0

5.4

  

χ2=25.5

2

<0.0001

2>1, 3

 CDSS

2.4

2.7

3

3.2

1.7 [44]

2.4

  

χ2=3.2

2

0.2

—

 HARS

4.2

5.1

5.5

5.9

3.5

5.2

  

χ2=5.22

2

0.074

—

 CPZ equivalent (in mg)

758.4

671.3

944.7

838.8

776.2

700

  

χ2=0.6

2

0.7

—

 Adherence (%)

86.6

21.3

86.2

20.9

84.9

27.3

  

χ2=0.4

2

0.8

—

 |Scan - Symptom Eval| (mo)

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.7

0.6

  

F=0.5

2, 96

0.6

—

Scan 2

 

N=19

N=29

N=42

N=45

    

 Age

24.3

3.8

25.7

4.2

25.5

4.3

24.8

3.4

F=0.7

3, 134

0.5

—

 SANS totals

13.5

10.4

22.0

10.9

8.0

9.3

  

F=18.2

2, 89

<0.0001

1, 2>3

 Affective flattening

5.7

5.9

7.8

5.3

2.2

3.5

  

χ2=23.6

2

<0.001

1, 2>3

 Alogia

1.7

2.2

2.4

2.7

1.0

1.9

  

χ2=8.3

2

0.015

2>3

 Avolition/apathy

5.9

3.7

4.9

4.0

1.7

2.4

  

F=14.2

2, 89

<0.001

1, 2>3

 Anhedonia/asocality

6.6

4.2

6.9

4.4

3.1

3.4

  

F=10.0

2, 89

<0.001

1, 2>3

 SAPS totals

5.9

6.2

13.5

10.4

3.5

8.6

  

χ2=24.7

2

<0.0001

2>1, 3

 CDSS

1.0

1.5

1.8 [28]

3

1.4

2.7

  

χ2=1.4

2

0.5

—

 HARS

3.8

6.0

4.9 [27]

4.3

2.0

2.8

  

χ2=8.12

2

0.017

2>3

 CPZ equivalent (in mg)

2875.2

2059.7

4378.7

3291.3

2652.4

2160.4

  

χ2=10.5

2

0.005b

—

 Adherence (%)

87.0

16.0

78.1

22

81.2

25.2

  

χ2=1.9

2

0.4

—

 |Scan - Symptom Eval| (mo)

1.8

1.5

2

1.7

1.8

1.2

  

χ2=0.2

2

0.9

—

Scan 3

 

N=20

N=18

N=30

N=31

    

 Age

25.4

3.7

26.5

3.8

26.2

4.4

26.9

3.3

F=0.6

3, 98

0.6

—

 SANS totals

19.8

11.1

17.2

16.5

6.7

8.5

  

F=8.6

2, 67

<0.0001

1, 2>3

 Affective flattening

5.4

5.5

6.6

6.6

1.7

3.0

  

F=6.4

2, 67

0.003

1, 2>3

 Alogia

2.9

3.0

2.0

3.2

1.0

1.8

  

χ2=6.0

2

0.05

1>3

 Avolition/apathy

5.2

2.9

3.7

4.2

1.6

2.2

  

χ2=15.1

2

0.001

1, 2>3

 Anhedonia/asocality

6.4

3.9

4.9

4.7

2.4

3.1

  

χ2=14.4

2

0.001

1, 2>3

 SAPS totals

7.0

10.3

15.2

20.6

4.6

8.0

  

χ2=4.5

2

0.09

—

 CDSS

2.5 [18]

3.3

2.3

2.6

1.5 [28]

2.1

  

χ2=1.2

2

0.6

—

 HARS

3.0 [19]

4.3

5.9

7.6

2.8 [28]

3.4

  

χ2=1.98

2

0.371

—

 CPZ equivalent (in mg)

4216.5

3906.2

6540.4

6243.9

5060.3

4948.9

  

χ2=1.8

2

0.4

—

 Adherence (%)

78.3

26.2

75

30.5

77.9

28.6

  

χ2=0.07

2

0.97

—

 |Scan - Symptom Eval| (mo)

1.0

1.9

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.7

  

χ2=0.7

2

0.7

—

  1. Abbreviations: CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CPZ, chlorpromazine; DUI, Duration of Untreated Illness; DUP, Duration of Untreated Psychosis; ePNS, early persistent negative symptoms; FUP, follow-up; HARS, Q5 Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; IQ, intelligent quotient; NOS, Not Otherwise Specified; SAPS/SANS, scale for assessment of positive/negative symptoms; SCZ/SCZ-F, Schizophrenia/Schizophreniform; sPNS, persistent negative symptoms due to secondary factors.
  2. a IQ means are presented as adjusted means, covaried by test version (WAIS-III versus WASI). There was no difference between different test versions on IQ (F1,142=1.15, P=0.29).
  3. bPost hoc analyses indicated that sPNS patients were prescribed significantly more antipsychotic medication (in CPZ equivalent dosage) cumulatively compared with non-PNS patients at Scan 2 (P<0.05). Further tests revealed that when taking into consideration medication adherence (multiplying CPZ equivalent by percent adherence), only a trend-like difference existed between groups (χ2(2)=5.0, P=0.08). No difference between ePNS and the other two FEP subgroups at Scan 2 (P's>0.05).
  4. General demographics for whole sample are presented, followed by information corresponding to each scan. Scan 1 was conducted around baseline, Scan 2 represents 1-year follow-up and Scan 3 represents 2-year follow-up. All data represented as mean (s.d.), unless otherwise specified. Square brackets [] include adjusted sample size included in statistical analysis due to missing data points. Note: all antipsychotic totals are presented as cumulative chlorpromazine equivalents. SAPS/SANS totals are presented as mean scores of the sum of item-level scores from each scale; SANS totals exclude the ‘attention’ subscale. Item-level scores for each of the four SANS subscales per time point are italicized. Post hoc analyses were thresholded at P<0.05, and as follows: 1=ePNS; 2=sPNS; 3=Non-PNS; 4=Controls. For each time point, the absolute time in months between the date of scan and date of symptom evaluation was recorded, and displayed in the table as ‘|Scan—Symptom Eval|(mo)’.
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