Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics, Mean±SD

From: Blunted Endogenous Opioid Release Following an Oral Amphetamine Challenge in Pathological Gamblers

 

Healthy volunteers

Pathological gamblers

Significance (two-tailed) p -value

Age

34.4±8.7

34.3±7.7

0.953

IQ

111.4±8.4

114.4±13.5

0.571

NART errors

19.2±7.2

17±10.8

0.595

PGSI

0.2±0.6

18±5.2

0.001

Alcohol units/week

6.8±8.5

11±7.7

0.254

Current smoking status

2 smokers

3 smokers

 

Pack years (mean±SD)

14.25±5.7

14.5±5.3

0.963

FTND

2.5±3.5

6±1

0.386

Cigarettes/day

10±7.1

18±3.5

0.176

BDI on PET day

0.6±1.8

8.7±7.9

0.002

STAI

29.1±6.9

45.6±12.4

0.001

SSAI baseline

25.5±6.5

39.1±16.8

0.012

UPPS-NU

20.4±5.4

32.3±5.9

0.001

UPPS-PU

19.7±6.5

28.3±8.6

0.018

UPPS-LoP

20.3±5.7

23.9±5.5

0.155

UPPS-LoPe

18.4±4.8

20.2±4.6

0.387

UPPS-SS

33.3±9.7

35.1±7.0

0.622

  1. Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; FTND, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence; IQ, intelligence quotient; LoP, lack of premeditation; LoPe, lack of perseverance; NART, national adult reading test; NU, negative urgency; PGSI, Canadian problem gambling Inventory; PU, positive urgency; SS, sensation seeking; SSAI, Spielberger state anxiety inventory; STAI, Spielberger trait anxiety inventory; UPPS, impulsive behavior scale.
  2. Questionnaire data were only available for nine HV participants, except for SSAI.Bold values indicate significant p-value.
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