Table 1 Characteristics of 12 720 children and distribution of covariates by eight country survey centers and singleton status
From: Overweight in singletons compared to children with siblings: the IDEFICS study
Survey center overall (N=12 720) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Italy | Estonia | Cyprus | Belgium | Sweden | Germany | Hungary | Spain | Singleton | Sibling(s) | |
N | 1995 | 1300 | 1338 | 1594 | 1563 | 1589 | 2014 | 1327 | 2314 | 10 406 |
Overweight (%) | 41.9 | 14.0 | 24.6 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 16.3 | 20.4 | 22.9 | 18.5** |
Singleton child (%) | 18.1 | 29.2 | 12.6 | 11.9 | 9.7 | 19.6 | 22.6 | 22.4 | 100 | 0 |
Age±s.d. | 6.1±1.8 | 5.8±2.1 | 6.2±1.4 | 5.6±1.6 | 5.7±2.0 | 6.1±1.8 | 6.2±1.8 | 5.8±1.8 | 5.5±1.8 | 6.1±1.8** |
Age <6 (%) | 43.6 | 52.4 | 35.13 | 55.6 | 51.6 | 43.7 | 41.9 | 46.9 | 56.0 | 44.0** |
Boys (%) | 51.9 | 48.6 | 50.5 | 52.1 | 52.3 | 50.2 | 50.9 | 52.0 | 50.9 | 51.2 |
Birth weight (mean kg) | 3.2±0.5 | 3.6±0.6 | 3.2±0.5 | 3.3±0.6 | 3.5±0.6 | 3.4±0.6 | 3.4±0.6 | 3.2±0.5 | 3.3±0.6 | 3.3±0.6 |
Maternal age | 30.0±5.0 | 27.3±5.0 | 28.4±5.0 | 29.2±4.2 | 31.0±4.4 | 29.1±5.4 | 28.3±4.3 | 32.5±4.0 | 28.5±5.3 | 29.6±4.8** |
Parent overweight (%) | ||||||||||
Neither | 23.0 | 33.8 | 29.8 | 38.2 | 35.0 | 25.2 | 24.3 | 31.3 | 30.2 | 29.4 |
Only mother | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 7.8 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 9.1 |
Only father | 39.2 | 43.2 | 44.9 | 31.3 | 36.0 | 34.0 | 44.5 | 44.5 | 41.6 | 39.1 |
Both parents | 30.4 | 15.1 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 17.5 | 28.9 | 23.4 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 22.4* |
Education household (%) | ||||||||||
Low | 20.1 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 30.8 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 9.3 |
Medium | 60.9 | 83.4 | 38.1 | 48.4 | 28.5 | 51.2 | 52.4 | 38.0 | 59.0 | 48.1** |
High | 19.0 | 14.8 | 58.1 | 48.7 | 70.3 | 18.1 | 45.1 | 53.3 | 31.7 | 42.6** |
Potential mediating factors | ||||||||||
Outdoor play (hours per day) | 2.5±1.7 | 2.1±1.2 | 2.6±1.3 | 2.2±1.7 | 3.0±1.5 | 2.9±1.7 | 2.7±1.4 | 2.5±1.2 | 2.5±1.4 | 2.6±1.5* |
Screen time <1 h per day (%) | 83.8 | 77.7 | 84.9 | 88.8 | 88.8 | 87.6 | 88.5 | 90.7 | 86.3 | 86.7 |
Propensity sugar (%)±s.d. | 28.6±12.8 | 25.0±9.5 | 22.0±9.7 | 31.7±10.8 | 13.8±7.5 | 29.3±11.2 | 25.5±11.1 | 25.4±9.1 | 26.1±11.5 | 25.2±11.7* |
Propensity fat (%)±s.d. | 23.6±10.4 | 26.7±8.2 | 24.3±9.4 | 29.2±9.3 | 22.2±9.4 | 28.8±9.0 | 26.9±8.2 | 23.3±8.3 | 25.5±9.0 | 25.7±9.5 |
Reward with food score | 2.0±1.2 | 2.4±1.2 | 1.3±1.7 | 1.9±1.3 | 2.0±1.1 | 2.0±1.2 | 2.4±1.2 | 1.6±1.1 | 2.0±1.3 | 1.9±1.3** |
TV in bedroom (%) | 64.9 | 31.1 | 19.0 | 8.8 | 20.1 | 21.0 | 42.5 | 7.2 | 34.3 | 27.6** |
