Table 3 Associations between maternal/paternal smoking at the time of pregnancy and body composition at age 15

	Minimally adjusted ^a			Fully adjusted ^b
	β	(95% CI)	P-value	β	(95% CI)	P-value
Outcome=fat mass at 15 years (s.d. score)
Separately
Maternal smoking	0.16^c	0.09, 0.22	<0.001	0.16	0.07, 0.24	<0.001
Paternal smoking	0.15	0.09, 0.20	<0.001	0.08	0.02, 0.14	0.01
Simultaneously
Maternal smoking	0.10	0.03, 0.18	0.01	0.13	0.05, 0.22	0.003
Paternal smoking	0.13	0.07, 0.19	<0.001 0.6^d	0.06	−0.01, 0.13	0.08 0.3^d
Outcome=lean mass at 15 years (s.d. score)
Separately
Maternal smoking	0.08^e	0.05, 0.12	<0.001	0.07	0.02, 0.12	0.01
Paternal smoking	0.03	−0.0003, 0.06	0.05	0.02	−0.01, 0.06	0.2
Simultaneously
Maternal smoking	0.08	0.04, 0.12	<0.001	0.06	0.01, 0.11	0.01
Paternal smoking	0.01	−0.02, 0.04	0.7 0.02^d	0.01	−0.03, 0.05	0.7 0.1^d

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
^aAdjusted for gender, age at the time of 15-year clinic visit, height.
^bAdditionally adjusted for parental factors, social factors, birthweight and gestation.
^cFor interpretation, fat mass 10% higher (e.g., 1.2 kg for geometric mean fat mass), if mother smoked.
^dP-value for comparison of maternal and paternal regression coefficients.
^eFor interpretation, lean mass 0.7 kg higher, if mother smoked.

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