Table 3 Associations between excess-free-fructose beverages and arthritis in young adults, aged 20–30 years – NHANES 2003–2006

From: Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20–30 years

Arthritis

Multivariable logistic regression

Multivariable logistic regression

 

ratio

95% CI

p-value

ratio

95% CI

p-value

 

OR – adjusted for sex, race, age,BMI, SES, total energy intake,total fruit and vegetable intake,and physical activity level, smoking

  

OR – further adjusted for glycated hemoglobin (A1c)

  

tEFF (ndSD, FD, AJ) a

 ~⩽1–3 times per month

Reference

Reference

Reference

See Figure 1

  

 ~1–4 times per week

0.86

0.21–3.48

0.827

   

 5 times or more per week

3.1

1.28–7.51

0.014

   

 n=1084

F(18, 13)=3.32

Prob>F=0.0161

     
 

OR – adjusted for sex, race, age,BMI, SES, total energy, total fruit and vegetable, physical activity level, AJ and FD intake, and smoking

  

OR – further adjusted for glycated hemoglobin (A1c)

  

ndSD

 ⩽1–3 times per month

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 1–4 times per week

0.46

0.11–1.84

0.259

0.35

0.07–1.74

0.193

 5 times or more per week

2.68

0.81–8.84

0.102

2.56

0.72–9.09

0.14

 n=954

F(22, 9)=6.71

Prob>F=0.0029

  

F(23, 8)=8.11 n=919

Prob>F=0.0072

  
 

OR – adjusted for sex, race, age,BMI, SES, total energy, total fruit and vegetable, physicalactivity level, and smoking

  

OR – further adjusted for glycated hemoglobin (A1c)

  

Diet soft drinks

 ⩽1–4 times per weekb

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 5 times or more per week

1.13

0.17–7.58

0.898

1.26

0.20–7.93

0.797

 n=319

F(15, 16)=9.31

Prob>F=0.0000

  

F(16, 15)=5.21 n=310

Prob>F=0.0013

  
 

OR – adjusted for sex, race, age,BMI, SES, total energy, total fruit and vegetable, physical activity level, and smoking

  

OR – further adjusted for glycated hemoglobin (A1c)

  

Diet soft drinks, diet FD

 ⩽1–4 times per weekb

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 5 times or more per week

1.15

0.31–4.19

0.827

1.21

0.35–4.23

0.759

 n=379

F(15, 16)=6.82

Prob>F=0.0002

  

F(16, 15)=4.96 n=364

Prob>F=0.0017

  
  1. atEFF refers to any combination of excess free fructose beverages including non-diet soda (caffeinated and decaf), AJ and FD intake in the NHANES for the period of 2003–2006.38 ndSD corresponds to average daily intake of caffeinated and caffeine free, non-diet soda. In 2003–2006 (the NHANES study period) HFCS was the main sweetener in soda.49 AJ is one of very few foods known to contain fructose in high relative proportion to glucose – ~2.9–1.36 FD corresponds to sweetened fruit beverages other than juices. Examples given were of beverages known to contain HFCS as the main sweetener.38
  2. bAs there was zero arthritis prevalence among ⩽1–3 times per month diet soda and diet FD consumers, the reference group for diet beverages was set to ⩽1–4 times per week. See Table 2 for details of arthritis prevalence by beverage type.
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