Table 1 Metabolic effect of various dietary restriction regimes in C57BL/6 mice and insulin-resistant humans

Parameter	FGF21		IGF-1		Insulin		Glucose		BHB		Body weight
Species	Mouse	Human	Mouse	Human	Mouse	Human	Mouse	Human	Mouse	Human	Mouse	Human
Starvation	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓
Calorie restriction	↗a	↗a	↘a	↘a	↘ab	↘b	↘b	↘ab	↗b	↗b	↓	↓
Protein-deficient diet, isocaloric	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑, —	↘b	↗b	—	—	↓	↑
Protein-deficient diet, hypocaloric	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↘b	↘b	↘b	—	—	↓	↓
KD, isocaloric	—	—	—	—	—	—, ↓	↑	—, ↓	↑	↑	↑	↓, —
KD, hypocaloric	↗a	↗ a	↘a	↘a	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓

Abbreviations: BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; KD, ketogenic diet.
a, mainly dependent on the degree of protein restriction; b, mainly dependent on the degree of CHO restriction.
The protein-deficient diet is defined as a diet containing <10E% protein. The KD is assumed to contain >10E% protein.

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