Table 1 Clinical evidences of UPR involvement in solid cancers

Tumor origin	Materials	Methods	GRP78	IRE1α	XBP1	XBP1s	ATF6	PERK	eIF2α	Others	Comments	Ref.
Brain	GBM	IHC, WB	+		+	+	+			(1)		⁴⁶
	GBM	WB	+									⁴⁷
	GBM, AAIII, AAII, ODG	Transcriptomic, IHC, WB	+								Increased in high-grade tumors	⁴⁸
Breast	Invasive (stages II and III)	IHC	+									⁴⁹
	Ductal, lobular, stages II and III	NB, IHC, WB	+									⁵⁰
	adenocarcinoma	IHC	+		+						Correlated with ERα expression	⁵¹
	ERα+ invasive ductal carcinoma	transcriptomic	+	+	+		+		+	(2)		⁵²
	ERα+	IHC				+					Associated with poor prognosis	⁵³
Colorectal	stages II and III CRC	IHC	+									⁵⁴
	Adenoma, CRC	RT–PCR, IHC			+							⁵⁵
	CRC	IHC	+								No correlation with grade or metastases	⁵⁶
	CRC	IHC	+								Increased in metastatic tumors	⁵⁷
	Adenoma, adenocarcinoma	IHC	+							(3)		⁵⁸
Kidney	RCC (stages I– IV)	Q-PCR, IHC	+								Associated with high-stage tumors	⁵⁹
Liver	HCC	IHC	+									⁶⁰
	HCC	NB, Q-PCR, IHC	+		+	+	+				Associated with histologic grading	⁶¹
	HCC	IHC	+								Correlated with CD147 expression	⁶²
Lung	Adenocarcinoma	Q-PCR		+			+	+		(4)	Associated with low stages	⁶³
	NSCLC	IHC	+								Correlated with RRBP1 expression	⁶⁴
Pancreas	PDAC	IHC	+								Associated with poor prognosis	⁶⁵
	PDAC	RT–PCR, IHC	+	+	+		+	+		(5)	Associated with MIA2 mutations	⁶⁶
	PDAC	IHC								(6)	Associated with poor prognossis correlated with decreased SMARCB1 expression	⁶⁷

Abbreviations: AA, anaplastic astrocytoma; ATF, activating transcription factor; CRC, colorectal cancer; eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; ERp, ER protein; GADD, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein; GBM, glioblastoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IRE1α, inositol requiring enzyme 1α; GRP, glucose-regulated protein; IHC, immunohistochemistry; NB, northern blot; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ODG, oligodendroglioma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PERK, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; Q-PCR, quantitative PCR; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; RT–PCR, reverse transcriptase–PCR; SERP, stress-associated ER protein; UPR, unfolded protein response; WB, western blot; XBP, X-box binding protein.
(1) Calreticulin(+), CHOP/GADD153(+), ERp72(+), GRP94(+), GRP170(+).
(2) CHOP(+), GADD34(+), GRP94(+), SERP1(+).
(3) Decreased CHOP.
(4) ERO1A.
(5) Calnexin(+), PDI(+).
(6) Phosphorylated ATF2.

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