Table 4 Clinical evidences of UPR involvement in cancer chemotherapy resistance

From: Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and chemotherapy resistance in solid cancers

Tumor origin

Materials

Chemotherapy

Methods

GRP78

IRE1α

XBP1

XBP1s

ATF6

PERK

Others

Comments

Ref.

Breast

Ductal/lobular (stages II and III)

Doxorubicin

IHC

+

      

Associated with reduced time to recurrence

49

 

ERα+

Tamoxifen

Transcriptomic

 

+

  

+

+

(1)

Associated with poor prognosis

52

 

Invasive ductal (stages I–III)

Tamoxifen

Q-PCR

  

+

+

   

Associated with high or poor survival respectively

113

 

Invasive ductal (stages II and III)

Doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide+ taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel)

IHC

+

      

Associated with longer survival

114

Colorectal

Rectal cancer

5-FU

WB

      

(2)

Associated with poor response to therapy

115

  1. Abbreviations: ATF, activating transcription factor; eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; ER, estrogen receptor; ERO1L, ER oxidoreduction 1-like; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; GADD, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein; GRP, glucose-regulated protein; HERPUD, HERP ubiquitin-like domain; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IRE1α, inositol requiring enzyme 1α; PERK, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; Q-PCR, quantitative PCR; RT–PCR, reverse transcriptase–PCR; SERP1, stress-associated ER protein 1; SYNV, synoviolin; UPR, unfolded protein response; XBP, X-box binding protein.
  2. (1) 18 genes: ATF4, ATF6α, CHOP, DNAJB9, DNAJC3, EDEM1, eIF2α, ERO1L, ERO1LB, GADD34, GRP78, GRP94, HERPUD1, IRE1α, PERK, XBP1, SERP1, SYNV1.
  3. (2) Calnexin(+).
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