Abstract
Cardanol novolac (CDN) was synthesized by the reaction of cardanol (CD) and paraformaldehyde in the presence of oxalic acid. The prepolymerized compounds of CD/4,4′-bismaleimidediphenylmethane (BMI) and CDN/BMI with CD/maleimide unit ratios 1/2, 1/4 and 1/6 at 200 °C were finally compression-molded at 250 °C for 5 h to produce cured CD/BMI (cCD/BMI) and cured CDN/BMI (cCDN/BMI) resins. Although the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of the model reaction product of CD and N-phenylmaleimide (PMI) at 200 °C for 8 h suggested the occurrence of the ene reaction and subsequent Diels–Alder reaction, the FTIR analysis of cCD/BMI and cCDN/BMI suggested the occurrence of the ene reaction and addition copolymerization. The cCD/BMI and cCDN/BMI with CD/maleimide ratio lower than 1/2 did not show glass transition until 300 °C and had a 5% weight loss temperature higher than 450 °C. The cCD/BMI and cCDN/BMI with CD/maleimide ratio 1/4 showed the most balanced flexural properties (flexural strength 60–80 MPa, flexural modulus 2.0–2.5 GPa).
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Naozumi Teramoto of our department for the helpful suggestions and measuring 1H-NMR spectra. We are also grateful to Mr Ryusuke Osada of Material Analysis Center of our university for assisting in FE-SEM measurements.
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Shibata, M., Itakura, Y. & Watanabe, H. Bio-based thermosetting resins composed of cardanol novolac and bismaleimide. Polym J 45, 758–765 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.195
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.195
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