Abstract
The properties and morphologies of blends of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and glycerol-plasticized thermoplastic starch (TPS) were investigated. Bis-pyrrolidone-type monomers (obtained from itaconic acid) with various sizes of alkylidene spacers were synthesized and polycondensed with various diamines. The resultant polycondensates were used as compatibilizers to improve interfacial adhesion in PBS/starch blends. The presence of long hydrophobic -CH2- sequences in the compatibilizers improved the elongation-at-break during tensile tests. The enhanced compatibilization induced by these copolymers is presumably because of the hydrophobic interaction with PBS and the hydrophilic hydrogen bonding with starch. The uncompatibilized TPS/PBS exhibited a dispersed morphology with blends of low- and high-starch content, whereas the compatibilized blends presented a co-continuous phase.
Similar content being viewed by others
Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Ayadi, F. & Dole, P. Stoichiometric interpretation of thermoplastic starch water sorption and relation to mechanical behavior. Carbohydr Polymers 84, 872–880 (2011).
Follain, N., Joly, C., Dole, P. & Bliard, C. Mechanical properties of starch-based materials. I. Short review and complementary experimental analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 97, 1783–1794 (2005).
Avérous, L. Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci, Part C 44, 231–274 (2004).
Jang, W. Y., Shin, B. Y., Lee, T. J. & Narayan, R. Thermal properties and morphology of biodegradable PLA/starch compatibilized blends. J Ind Eng Chem 13, 457–464 (2007).
Li, H. & Huneault, M. A. Comparison of sorbitol and glycerol as plasticizers for thermoplastic starch in TPS/PLA blends. J Appl Polym Sci 119, 2439–2448 (2011).
Arroyo, O. H., Huneault, M. A., Favis, B. D. & Bureau, M. N. Processing and properties of PLA/thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym Composite 31, 114–127 (2010).
Dubois, P. & Narayan, R. Biodegradable compositions by reactive processing of aliphatic polyester/polysaccharide blends. Macromol Symp 198, 233–244 (2003).
Chen, L., Zhang, Z., Zhuang, X., Chen, X. & Jing, X. Compatibilizing effect of starch-grafted-poly(L-lactide) on the poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/starch composites. J Appl Polym Sci 117, 2724–2731 (2010).
Li, G. & Favis, B. D. Morphology development and interfacial interactions in polycaprolactone/thermoplastic-starch blends. Macromol Chem Physics 211, 321–333 (2010).
Mariani, P. D. S. C., Allganer, K., Oliveira, F. B., Cardoso, E. J. B. N. & Innocentini-Mei, L. H. Effect of soy protein isolate on the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of poly ([var epsilon]-caprolactone) and corn starch blends. Polym Test 28, 824–829 (2009).
Zeng, J. B., Jiao, L., Li, Y. D., Srinivasan, M., Li, T. & Wang, Y. Z. Bio-based blends of starch and poly(butylene succinate) with improved miscibility, mechanical properties, and reduced water absorption. Carbohydr Polymers 83, 762–768 (2011).
Flores, D. E., Funabashi, M. & Kunioka Mechanical Properties and Biomass Carbon Ratios of Poly(butylene succinate) Composites Filled with Starch and Cellulose Filler Using Furfural as Plasticizer. Vol. 112, (Wiley, 2009).
Dean, K., Yu, L., Bateman, S. & Wu, D. Y. Gelatinized starch/biodegradable polyester blends: processing, morphology, and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 103, 802–811 (2007).
Briassoulis, D. An overview on the mechanical behaviour of biodegradable agricultural films. J Polym Environ 12, 65–81 (2004).
Landreau, E., Tighzert, L., Bliard, C., Berzin, F. & Lacoste, C. Morphologies and properties of plasticized starch/polyamide compatibilized blends. Eur Polym J 45, 2609–2618 (2009).
Ramkumar, D. & Bhattacharya, M. Effect of crystallinity on the mechanical properties of starch/synthetic polymer blends. J Mater Sci 32, 2565–2572 (1997).
Mani, R. & Bhattacharya, M. Properties of injection moulded blends of starch and modified biodegradable polyesters. Eur Polym J 37, 515–526 (2001).
Willke, T. & Vorlop, K. D. Biotechnological production of itaconic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56, 289–295 (2001).
Werpy, T., Holladay, J. & White, J. Top Value Added Chemicals From Biomass: I. Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas, (DOE Scientific and Technical Information, 2004).
Paytash, P. L., Thompson, M. J. & Fykes, M. E. Itaconic acid derivatives of sulfanilamide. J Am Chem Soc 74, 4549–4552 (1952).
Lourdin, D., Coignard, L., Bizot, H. & Colonna, P. Influence of equilibrium relative humidity and plasticizer concentration on the water content and glass transition of starch materials. Polymer (Guildf) 38, 5401–5406 (1997).
Onteniente, J. P., Etienne, F., Bureau, G. & Claude, J. Fully biodegradable lubricated thermoplastic starches: water desorption on extruded samples. Starch—Stärke 48, 10–16 (1996).
Makal, U. & Wynne, K. J. Water induced hydrophobic surface. Langmuir 21, 3742–3745 (2005).
Averous, L. & Boquillon, N. Biocomposites based on plasticized starch: thermal and mechanical behaviours. Carbohydr Polymers 56, 111–122 (2004).
Averous, L., Moro, L., Dole, P. & Fringant, C. Properties of thermoplastic blends: starch-polycaprolactone. Polymer (Guildf) 41, 4157–4167 (2000).
Schwach, E. & Avérous, L. Starch-based biodegradable blends: morphology and interface properties. Polym Int 53, 2115–2124 (2004).
Averous, L., Fauconnier, N., Moro, L. & Fringant, C. Blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesteramide: processing and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 76, 1117–1128 (2000).
Kim, H., Hee, S. Y., Han, S. & Hyun, J. Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Agro-Flour- Filled Polybutylene Succinate Biocomposites Vol. 97, (Wiley, 2005).
Bhatia, A., Gupta, R. K., Bhattacharya, S. N. & Choi, H. J. Compatibility of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) blends for packaging application. Korea-Aust Rheol J 19, 125–131 (2007).
Martin, O. & Avérous, L. Poly(lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems. Polymer (Guildf) 42, 6209–6219 (2001).
Wang, R., Wang, S. & Zhang, Y. Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Stability of Poly(L-lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)/ Silicon Dioxide Composites Vol. 113, (Wiley, 2009).
Lourdin, D., Bizot, H. & Colonna, P. ‘Antiplasticization’ in starch-glycerol films? J Appl Polym Sci 63, 1047–1053 (1997).
Forssell, P. M., Mikkilä, J. M., Moates, G. K. & Parker, R. Phase and glass transition behaviour of concentrated barley starch-glycerol-water mixtures, a model for thermoplastic starch. Carbohydr Polymers 34, 275–282 (1997).
Averous, L. & Fringant, C. Association between plasticized starch and polyesters: processing and performances of injected biodegradable systems. Polym Eng Sci 41, 727–734 (2001).
Wang, D., Imae, T. & Miki, M. Fluorescence emission from PAMAM and PPI dendrimers. J Colloid Interface Sci 306, 222–227 (2007).
Porcar, L., Liu, Y., Verduzco, R., Hong, K., Butler, P. D., Magid, L. J., Smith, G. S. & Chen, W. R. Structural investigation of PAMAM dendrimers in aqueous solutions using small-angle neutron scattering: effect of generation. J Phys Chem B 112, 14772–14778 (2008).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ayadi, F., Mamzed, S., Portella, C. et al. Synthesis of bis(pyrrolidone-4-carboxylic acid)-based polyamides derived from renewable itaconic acid—application as a compatibilizer in biopolymer blends. Polym J 45, 766–774 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.206
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.206
