Abstract
Dynamic viscoelasticity and dynamic birefringence of phenolic resins having different cross-linking density were examined to clarify the relationship between structure and viscoelastic properties. Dynamic modulus was found to be insensitive to cross-linking density at a high cross-linking density, where molar mass between the cross-linking points was smaller than the viscoelastic segment size of phenolic resin, whereas the complex strain-optical coefficient reflects more sensitively the cross-linking density.
Similar content being viewed by others
Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Baekeland, L. H. Method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde., USA, Patent 942699 (1907).
Crespy, D., Bozonmet, M. & Meier, M. 100 Years of Bakelite, the Material of a 1000 Uses. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3322 (2008).
Gardziella, A., Pilato, L. A. & Knop, A. Phenolic resins: chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology, (Springer, Berlin, 1999).
Doi, M. & Edwards, S. F. The Theory of Polymer Dynamics 391, (Clarendon, Oxford, 1986).
Janeschitz-Kriegl, H. Polymer Melt Rheology and Flow Birefringence 524, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983).
Inoue, T., Okamoto, H. & Osaki, K. Birefringence of Amorphous Polymers I Dynamic Measurement on Polystyrene. Macromolecules 24, 5670–5675 (1991).
Iwawaki, H., Inoue, T. & Nakamura, Y. Rheo-Optical Study on Dynamics of Bottlebrush-Like Polymacromonomer Consisting of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 44, 5414–5419 (2011).
Iwawaki, H., Urakawa, O., Inoue, T. & Nakamura, Y. Rheo-Optical Study on Dynamics of Bottlebrush-Like Polymacromonomer Consisting of Polystyrene. II. Side Chain Length Dependence on Dynamical Stiffness of Main Chain. Macromolecules 45, 4801–4808 (2012).
Maji, S., Urakawa, O. & Inoue, T. Rheo-optical study of structure and viscoelasticity of novolacs (2013).
Hwang, E. J., Inoue, T. & Osaki, K. Viscoelasticity and birefringence of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. Polymer. (Guildf). 34, 1661–1666 (1993).
Ferry, J. D. Dependence of Viscoelastic Behavior on Temperature and Pressure. In Properties of Polymers, 4th edn, Ch. 11, 264 (Wiley, New York, USA, 1980).
Treloar, L. R. G. The Physics of Rubber Elasticity (Clarendon press, Oxford, Great Britain, 1958).
Inoue, T. & Osaki, K. Role of polymer chain flexibility on the viscoelasticity of amorphous polymers around the glass transition zone. Macromolecules 29, 1595–1599 (1996).
Kuhn, W. & Grün, F. Beziehungen zwischen elastischen Konstanten und Dehnungsdoppelbrechung hochelastischer Stoffe. Kolloid Z. 101, 248–271 (1942).
Inoue, T., Matsui, H., Murakami, S., Kojiya, S. & Osaki, K. Strain-induced birefringence and molecular structure of glassy polymers. Polymer. (Guildf). 38, 1215–1220 (1997).
Inoue, T., Matsui, H. & Osaki, K. Molecular origin of viscoelasticity and chain orientation of glassy polymers. Rheol. Acta. 36, 239–244 (1997).
Misra, S. C., Manson, J. A. & Sperling, L. H. Epoxy resins Chemistry. ACS Symposium 114, 157 (1979).
Izumi, A., Nakao, T. & Shibayama, M. Gelation and cross-link inhomogeneity of phenolic resins studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Softmater 9, 4188–4197 (2013).
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 24350120) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maji, S., Urakawa, O. & Inoue, T. Viscoelastic properties and birefringence of phenolic resins. Polym J 46, 272–276 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2013.97
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2013.97