Abstract
The hypothesis that postnatal nicotine exposure weakens cardiorespiratory recovery from reflex apnea and bradycardia was tested in eight lambs continuously infused with nicotine from the day of birth at a dose of 1 to 2 mg·kg−1·d−1. Eight age-matched lambs infused with saline served as controls. Apnea and bradycardia were elicited by laryngeal stimulation with 1 mL of water (laryngeal chemoreflex) both during air breathing [0.21 fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2)] and mild hypoxia (0.10 Fio2) at a mean postnatal age of 5 ± 1, 14 ± 1, and 28 ± 1 d. Ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure were similar in the two groups at rest. In response to laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation, nicotine-treated lambs had a more pronounced decrease in ventilation (p < 0.05), longer reflex apnea (p < 0.001 in 0.21 Fio2;p < 0.01 in 0.10 Fio2), and greater reflex bradycardia (p < 0.01). During reflex apnea, sighs were less efficient in restoring heart rate to prestimulation level, and a greater decrease in heart rate was observed before sighs in nicotine-treated lambs. These effects were most apparent at 5 d of age, when nicotine-treated lambs also had lower ventilation during hypoxia (p < 0.05). The response to hyperoxia was comparable in the two groups at all ages. The ability to terminate laryngeal chemoreflex-induced apnea is attenuated in young lambs continuously exposed to nicotine. This attenuation is present both in normoxia and in hypoxia and is accompanied by reduced effects from sighing on cardiac autoresuscitation.
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Abbreviations
- BP:
-
mean arterial blood pressure
- C:
-
control
- CB:
-
carotid body
- Fio2:
-
fraction of inspired oxygen
- HR:
-
heart rate
- LCR:
-
laryngeal chemoreflex
- MR:
-
multivariate regression analysis
- N:
-
nicotine-treated
- Po2:
-
arterial Po2
- Pco2:
-
arterial Cco2
- RM-ANOVA:
-
repeated measures analysis of variance
- VI:
-
inspiratory minute ventilation
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Robert A. Parker for valuable assistance with statistical analysis, Dr. M. Hariharan for performing nicotine and cotinine determinations, Patricia A. Minton, R.N., Rao Gaddipati, M.S., and Stanley D. Poole, M.S., for skilled technical assistance, and Donna Staed for typing the manuscript.
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Supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (HD 28916 and HL 14214) and by the Swedish Medical Research Council (J.M.).These results were presented in part at the annual meeting of the American Pediatric Society and Society for Pediatric Research 1994.Current address (H.K.): Centennial Medical Center/Women's Center, 2300 Patterson Street, Nashville, TN 37203, U.S.A.
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Sundell, H., Karmo, H. & Milerad, J. Impaired Cardiorespiratory Recovery after Laryngeal Stimulation in Nicotine-Exposed Young Lambs. Pediatr Res 53, 104–112 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200301000-00018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200301000-00018
