Fig. 4: Validation of upregulation and downregulation of the selected secreted proteins after oleate treatment.

a–f Western blotting analysis of the six selected secreted proteins using an independent set of the conditioned media samples (n ≥ 4): MIF (a), THBS1 (b), PDIA3 (c), APOA1 (d), EEF2 (e), and FASN (f). The results showed significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of MIF, THBS1, PDIA3, and APOA1 and downregulation of EEF2 and FASN in oleate-treated samples compared to the untreated controls. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 by Student’s t-test