Fig. 2: Immune checkpoint blockade for T-cell activation.
From: Immune checkpoint inhibitors: recent progress and potential biomarkers
Immune checkpoints, including PD-1 and CTLA-4, expressed on activated T cells lead to inhibition of T-cell activation upon binding to their ligands on tumor cells/antigen-presenting cells. These interactions can be blocked using monoclonal antibodies, leading to the activation of T cells targeting tumor cells through the release of effector cytokines and cytotoxic granules.
