Table 1 Non-canonical functions of the new domains and motifs in selective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
From: Unique roles of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in immune control and its therapeutic implications
Domain | ARS | Acquired function during evolution | References |
|---|---|---|---|
UNE-S | SRS | Facilitates the translocation of SRS from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to regulate VEGF expression | |
UNE-L | LRS | Important for stabilizing RRS and LRS in the MSC | |
GST | ERS or EPRS | Included as a component of the MSC | |
MRS | Included as a component of the MSC | ||
VRS | Complexes with eEF1H during translation | ||
CRS | Complexes with eEF1γ during translation | ||
EMAP II | YRS | Regulates the cytokine activity of YRS | |
Leucine zipper | RRS | Interacts with the MSC | |
N-helix | YRS | Increases the affinity of the synthetase for its tRNA in translation | |
DRS | Enhances tRNA-binding affinity | ||
WHEP | EPRS | Suppresses inflammatory gene expression | |
HRS | Activates chemokine receptors on T-lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells | ||
MRS | Translocates to the nucleolus in response to growth factors and enhances rRNA synthesis during transcription | ||
GRS | Regulates catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and structural flexibility | ||
WRS | Acts as an endogenous ligand for the TLR4/MD2 complex | ||
ELR | YRS | Critical for the function of IL-8-like cytokines |
