Fig. 4: Significantly altered plasma metabolites in UUO rats.

a Heatmap analysis of 102 metabolites from the UUO and sham rats. Red and black text highlights indicate increased and decreased metabolites in the UUO rats compared to the sham rats. b Relative intensities of individual metabolites of amino acids, amines, organic acids, and other class metabolites, as well as THA, in the UUO and sham rats. The vertical axis is the relative intensity of individual metabolites. DMG dimethylglycine, ASPM atherosperminine, PSP phytosphingosine, 3-IHA 3-indolehydracrylic acid, HVAS homovanillic acid sulfate, 2-KBA 2-ketobutyric acid, PS phenol sulfate, PPLA prolylphenylalanine, 3-HHA 3-hydroxyhippuric acid, ADMA asymmetric dimethylarginine, S-ADHC S-adenosylhomocysteine, N2,N2-DMG N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, PHAA phenylacetic acid, 8-HP 8-hydroxypurine, p-CG p-cresyl glucuronide. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 versus sham rats (n = 6). c Spearman’s rank correlation between the nine most differential genera selected from the LEfSe and 36 differential metabolites (Only the metabolites that were correlated with at least one genus with adjusted P < 0.05 are shown). The results are presented as a heatmap using Ward clustering analysis. The scale ranges from + 1.5 (yellow) to −1.5 (blue). Heatmap showing microbial taxa that correlate with metabolites linked positively or negatively to TIF caused by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Rho in the color key represents the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. ^*P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01 denote statistical significance between bacterial taxa and metabolites