Fig. 3: Summary of MSA models.

In vitro cell models have been used to express α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes. The effects of the addition of exogenous α-synuclein aggregates to oligodendrocytes have been studied in in vitro transmission models. Recent developments in stem cell technologies have allowed the growth of MSA-derived iPSCs and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Comparison studies of RNA, protein, and epigenetic changes in normal and patient-derived cells are ongoing. Animal models induced by the injection of toxins exhibit MSA-like symptoms, and oligodendrocyte-specific expression of α-synuclein has been achieved through the generation of tg mice and viral-mediated expression.