Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the included AVM patients.

From: Dysregulation of the EphrinB2−EphB4 ratio in pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations is associated with endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro and functions as a novel noninvasive biomarker in patients

Patient

Sex

Age

Nidus size

Location

Flow

Hemorrhage

Aneurysm

Deep venous drainage

Other

Urinary EphrinB2 (pg/µg)

1

M

12 y

5.2 mm × 7.55 mm × 7.49 mm

R subfrontal

Slow

N

Y

N

Pineal cyst

69.17047568

2

M

6 y

1.78 cm × 1.89 cm × 1.4 cm

R cerebellar

Slow

N

N

N

 

3.617056579

3

F

10 y

2.0 cm × 2.29 cm × 2.199

L frontal

Moderate

N

N

N

 

80.24224841

4

M

8 y

7 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm

R-parietooccipital and 4 mm L-occipital

R occipitoparietal

Moderate

N

N

N

HHT- pulmonary AVM, R occipitoparietal,

L occipital lobe AVMs; pineal cyst

21.40139505

5

M

17 y

11.8 mm × 10.4 mm × 14.4 mm

R frontal

Moderate

N

N

N

R occipital arachnoid cyst

607.41117

6

M

16 y

13.4 mm × 13.4 mm × 33.6 mm

R occipital

Fast

N

N

N

 

274.9936338

7

M

8 y

6.7 mm × 5.5 mm × 18.5 mm

R parietal

Slow

N

N

N

Pseudotumor

35.57083868

8

F

10 y

4.8 mm × 13.7 mm × 6 mm

R temporal

Slow

N

N

N

 

13.67116296

9

M

20 y

43 mm × 35 mm × 27 mm

R occipital

Fast

N

N

Y

 

19.79345955

10

M

6 y

Unknown

R cerebellar

Moderate

N

N

N

Recurrent AVM

26.68017562

11

F

16 y

6.8 cm × 3 cm × 4.8 cm

R parietooccipital

Fast

N

N

Y

 

9.668138035

12

M

12 y

2.4 cm × 1.89 cm × 2.5 cm

R posterior temporo-occipital

Fast

N

N

N

Fragile X

126.9329364

13

F

3.5 y

1.5 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.5 cm

L frontotemporal

Fast

N

Y

N

Onyx embolization prior to urine collection

65.03312118

14

F

9 y

2.7 cm × 3.3 cm × 3 cm

R occipital

Fast

N

N

N

 

153.1746032

15

M

11 y

1 cm × 6 mm × 7 mm

R parietooccipital

Moderate

Y

Y

Y

 

28.64676121

16

M

7 y

2.6 cm × 2.2 cm × 1.8 cm

R occipital

Slow

Y

N

N

 

30.125

17

F

13 y

5.7 mm × 4 mm x 5 mm

L occipital

Slow

Y

N

N

DVA

72.08640107

18

F

6 y

2 mm × 1 mm × 27 mm

L cerebellar

Fast

Y

N

Y

 

52.14877029

19

F

12 y

9.9 mm × 6.9 mm × 9.2 mm

R intraventricular

Slow

Y

N

Y

 

2.890728708

20

F

8 y

9 mm × 7 mm × 4.8 mm

L occipital

Slow

Y

N

N

 

27.3550884

21

F

12 y

4.6 mm × 6.7 mm × 4.2 mm

L parietal

Moderate

Y

N

N

 

95.65313735

22

F

15 y

18.5 mm × 15.2 mm × 11.1 mm

L occipital

Moderate

Y

N

N

Arachnoid cyst, melanoma of lip

27.76888026

23

M

5 y

2.6 cm × 0.8 cm

R choroid plexus

Fast

Y

N

Y

 

34.41276728

24

F

15 y

Unknown

L occipital

Fast

Y

N

Y

Multiply recurrent AVMs

122.8041682

25

M

9 y

23.6 mm × 20.8 mm × 19.6 mm

L frontal

Slow

Y

N

Y

 

6.434498708

26

M

16 y

7.8 mm × 8.4 mm x 6 mm

L temporal

Moderate

Y

Y

N

 

521.7267687

27

F

8 y

2.0 cm × 1.6 cm × 3.4 cm

L temporal

Slow

Y

N

Y

 

7.356274413

28

F

8 y

1.4 cm × 1.5 cm × 1.4 cm

R cerebellar

Fast

Y

N

N

 

49.78739701

29

F

13 y

1.8 cm × 1.4 cm × 1.1 cm

R frontal

Moderate

N

N

N

Family history of autoimmune disorders, basilar stenosis at AICA

42.2308871

30

M

5 y

1.3 cm × 1.2 cm × 1.0 cm

R temporal

Moderate

Y

N

N

 

14.09318124

  1. The following clinically relevant categories were reviewed for each patient included in this study: sex, age, AVM size, location, rate of flow, whether the AVM had hemorrhaged, presence of aneurysm, deep venous drainage, and any associated conditions. Patients with the highest urinary EphrinB2 levels were noted to have high-flow lesions and/or had associated aneurysm or other pathology. Patients with urinary levels that fell below the cutoff (<25 pg/µg) had either slow-flow lesions or lesions with deep venous drainage.
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