Table 1 Utility of new fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease.
From: New fluid biomarkers tracking non-amyloid-β and non-tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Early diagnosis | Specific diagnosis | Prediction | Correlation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Neurodegeneration-related | ||||
Chromogranin-A (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↓/→AD vs. CON | NA | NA | ? Brain atrophy |
Contactin-2 (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↑/↓AD vs. CON | NA | NA | ? Cognition |
Myelin basic protein (CSF) | ↑AD vs. CON | NA | NA | NA |
Neurofascin (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↓AD vs CON | NA | NA | NA |
Neurofilament light (CSF) | ↑Preclinical AD vs. CON ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | Not specific | Cognitive decline Brain atrophy | Cognition Brain atrophy & hypometabolism |
Neurofilament light (blood) | ↑preclinical AD vs. CON ↑preclinical MC vs. NC ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | Not specific | Cognitive decline Brain atrophy | Cognition Brain atrophy |
Neurogranin (CSF) | ↑preclinical AD vs. CON ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | Specific to AD | Cognitive decline Brain atrophy | Cognition Brain atrophy |
Neurogranin (NDE in blood) | ↓/→AD vs. CON | ? Not specific | ? Cognitive decline in MCI | NA |
Neuronal pentraxin 1 (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↓AD vs. CON | NA | NA | NA |
Secretogranin-2 (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↓AD vs. CON | NA | ? Cognitive decline in MCI | NA |
SNAP-25 (CSF) | ↑MCI-Aβ (+) vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | NA | NA | NA |
VILIP-1 (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON in most ↑AD vs. CON in most | Possible | Cognitive decline | Brain atrophy |
Inflammation-related | ||||
β2-microglobulin (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON | NA | ? Cognitive decline in MCI | NA |
ICAM1 (CSF) | ↑ preclinical AD vs. CON ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | NA | ? Cognitive decline & its rapidity | Cognition |
Progranulin (CSF) | ↑MC vs. NC ↑AD vs. preclinical AD | Not specific | NA | Cognition Brain atrophy Brain hypometabolism |
Osteopontin (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | Controversial | Cognitive decline | ? Acuteness of cognitive dysfunction |
sTREM2 (CSF) | ↑/→ preclinical AD vs. CON ↑MCI vs. CON ↑peak at MCI > AD > CON ↑AD vs. CON | Not specific | NA | Age No association with cognitive function |
YKL-40 (CSF) | ↑preclinical AD vs. CON ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON ↑AD vs. MCI | Not specific | Maybe cognitive decline | Maybe cognition Gray matter atrophy Advancement of disease stage |
YKL-40 (blood) | ↑AD vs. CON | Not specific | NA | ? Cognition Age |
Lipid metabolism-related | ||||
Apolipoprotein E (CSF) | ↓/↑AD vs. CON ↓AD vs. MCI | Controversial | Cognitive decline in APOEε4 noncarriers | Brain atrophy in APOEε4 noncarriers |
FABP3 (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↑AD vs. CON | Controversial | Cognitive decline in MCI | Cognition Brain atrophy |
Protein clearance-related | ||||
Clusterin (CSF) | ↑AD vs. CON | ? Not specific | NA | ? Cognition |
Clusterin (blood) | → AD vs. CON | NA | NA | ? Cognition & brain atrophy |
Orexin (CSF) | ↑MCI vs. CON ↑/→AD vs. CON | ? Possible | NA | NA |
Transthyretin (CSF) | ↑/→AD vs. CON | Controversial | NA | NA |
Transthyretin (blood) | ↓AD vs. CON | NA | NA | ? Rapidity & severity of cognitive decline |
