Fig. 6: Studying the tumor microenvironment and engineering of tumor organoids.
From: Gastrointestinal cancer organoids—applications in basic and translational cancer research
a To analyze the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, gastrointestinal tumor organoids were co-cultivated with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). b To analyze the interaction between immune cells and malignant cells, to study the interaction and to allow the testing of immunotherapeutic approaches, gastrointestinal tumor organoids were co-cultivated with immune cells. c Wild-type organoids can be engineered into tumor organoids using CRISPR/Cas9 by generating tumorigenic mutations to study tissue-specific oncogenic pathway alterations, to monitor cancer initiation and progression and to functionally analyze (candidate) oncogenes.
