Fig. 6: Comparison of the scRNA-sequencing profiles of MSCs at different passages.

a Merged single-cell sequencing data for bone-marrow-derived MSCs at passages 1 and 3. b The percentages of MSCs at passage 1 or 3 in the ten clusters. c The violin plot shows the marker gene expression of each cluster for all ten clusters. d A CCK-8 assay determined that MSCs at passage 1 had a stronger proliferative ability than those at passage 3. e MSCs at passage 3 showed a stronger osteogenic differentiation ability but a weaker adipogenic differentiation ability than MSCs at passage 1. f The immunoregulatory ability of MSCs at passage 3 was stronger than that of MSCs at passage 1. g The biological process, molecular function, and cellular component terms of Cluster 8 were determined by GO analysis. h SA-β-Gal staining showed that the number of senescent MSCs was larger in the passage 3 population than in the passage 1 population.