Fig. 6: Effect of the spatial distribution of the TME on the invasion of early-stage LUAD.

a HE staining showing histologically distinct regions of AIS (TD8), MIA (TD3) and IAC (TD1) samples. Pink: normal epithelium region; green: lymph region; purple: stromal region; yellow: cancer region. b Spatial transcriptome atlas depicting the spatial regions (cancer region, stromal region, lymph region and normal epithelial region) of samples representing the three stages of LUAD. c Marker genes of the four spatial regions: cancer region, stromal region, lymph region and normal epithelial region. d Heatmaps obtained upon hypergeometric distribution analysis of all specific cell types identified by scRNA-seq analysis and regions defined by ST analysis (left panel: AIS, TD8; middle panel: MIA, TD3; right panel: IAC, TD1). e Identification of the cancer vasculature region and normal vasculature regions in AIS patient (TD8) by ST analysis. f Identification of the cancer vasculature region and normal vasculature regions in IAC patient (TD1) by ST analysis. g Expression of vascular endothelial cell-related (angiogenesis-related) genes in different vascular regions.